阿里云服务器扩展分区与文件系统_Linux数据盘

君哥以已挂载到实例的Linux数据盘为例说明阿里云服务器扩展分区与文件系统，本教程中ECS实例的操作系统为CentOS 7.5 64 位。数据盘挂载点为/dev/vdb，已有分区为/dev/vdb1。扩容前的数据盘容量为20 GiB，扩容为40 GiB。实际操作中有以下两种情况，请各位童鞋参考学习，对症下药。

如果您需要扩展数据盘已有分区，请参考情形一：扩展已有分区。
如果新磁盘空间用于增加新分区，请参考情形二：新增并格式化分区。

情形一：扩展已有分区

为了防止数据丢失，不建议扩容已挂载（ mount）的分区和文件系统。请先取消挂载（ umount）分区，完成扩容并正常使用后，重新挂载（ mount）。如果确实需要扩容已挂载（ mount）的分区，则操作如下：

实例内核版本 < 3.6：先取消挂载该分区，再修改分区表，最后扩容文件系统。
实例内核版本 ≥ 3.6：先修改对应分区表，再通知内核更新分区表，最后扩容文件系统。

如果新磁盘空间用于扩容已有的分区，按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容：

步骤一：修改分区表

1、运行fdisk -lu /dev/vdb，并记录旧分区的起始和结束的扇区位置。本教程中， /dev/vdb1 的起始扇区位置是 2048，结束扇区位置是 41943039。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb

Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9277b47b

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 41943039 20970496 83 Linux

2、使用fdisk命令删除旧分区。

①、运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb：分区数据盘。

②、输入p：打印分区表。

③、输入d：删除分区。

④、输入p：确认分区已删除。

⑤、输入w：保存修改并退出。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9277b47b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 41943039 20970496 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9277b47b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

3、用fdisk命令新建分区。

①、运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb：分区数据盘。
②、输入p：打印分区表。
③、输入n：新建分区。
④、输入p：选择分区类型为主分区。
⑤、输入<分区号>：选择分区号。本示例选取了1。

新分区的起始位置，必须和旧分区的起始位置相同。
新分区的结束位置，必须大于旧分区的结束位置，否则会导致扩容失败。

⑥、输入w：保存修改并退出。本教程中，将 /dev/vdb1 由20 GiB扩容到40 GiB。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9277b47b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-83886079, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-83886079, default 83886079):
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 30 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9277b47b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 62916607 31457280 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

4、运行lsblk /dev/vdb确保分区表已经增加。

5、运行e2fsck -n /dev/vdb1再次检查文件系统，确认扩容分区后的文件系统状态为clean。

步骤二：通知内核更新分区表

运行partprobe <dst_dev_path>或者partx -u <dst_dev_path>，以通知内核磁盘的分区表已经修改，需要同步更新。

步骤三：扩容文件系统

ext系列文件系统（例如ext3和ext4）：运行resize2fs /dev/vdb1。

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vdb1

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vdb1 to 7864320 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vdb1 is now 7864320 blocks long.

xfs文件系统：先运行mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/命令，再运行xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1。

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1

meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 5242880 to 7864320

情形二：新增并格式化分区

如果新磁盘空间用于增加新的分区，按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容：

1、运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb命令新建分区。本教程中，为新增的20GiB新建分区，作为/dev/vdb2 。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write commad.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x2b31a2a3

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 41943039 20970496 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (41943040-83886079, default 41943040):
Using default value 41943040
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (41943040-83886079, default 83886079):
Using default value 83886079
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

2、运行命令lsblk /dev/vdb查看分区。

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk /dev/vdb

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vdb 253:16 0 40G 0 disk
├─vdb1 253:17 0 20G 0 part
└─vdb2 253:18 0 20G 0 part

3、格式化新的分区。

创建ext4文件系统：mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks
262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2153775104
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
/dev/vdb2: UUID=”e3f336dc-d534-4fdd-af71-b6ff1a55bdbb” TYPE=”ext4″

创建ext3文件系统：mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks
262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
/dev/vdb2: UUID=”dd5be97d-a630-4593-9b0f-5056def914ea” SEC_TYPE=”ext2″ TYPE=”ext3″

创建xfs文件系统：mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2

meta-data=/dev/vdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
/dev/vdb2: UUID=”66251477-3ae4-4b44-8b21-5604420dbecb” TYPE=”xfs”

创建trfs文件系统：mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2

btrfs-progs v4.9.1
See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.

Label: (null)
UUID: 6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-bf09-82b46f54a429
Node size: 16384
Sector size: 4096
Filesystem size: 20.00GiB
Block group profiles:
Data: single 8.00MiB
Metadata: DUP 1.00GiB
System: DUP 8.00MiB
SSD detected: no
Incompat features: extref, skinny-metadata
Number of devices: 1
Devices:
ID SIZE PATH
1 20.00GiB /dev/vdb2

[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2
/dev/vdb2: UUID=”6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-bf09-82b46f54a429″ UUID_SUB=”9bdd889a-ab69-4653-a583-d1b6b8723378″ TYPE=”btrfs”

4、运行mount /dev/vdb2 /mnt挂载文件系统。

5、运行df -h查看目前磁盘空间和使用情况。显示新建文件系统的信息，表示挂载成功，您可以使用新的文件系统。

[root@localhost ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 40G 1.6G 36G 5% /
devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 3.9G 460K 3.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb2 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mnt
tmpfs 783M 0 783M 0% /run/user/0

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